Sleep Medications
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Overview
The following discusses medications that may be helpful for short-term treatment of
sleep problems, especially for children and youth with special health care needs
(CYSHCN). Sleep hygiene interventions should always precede medication use and, if
insufficiently effective, should continue as medications are tried. Due to lack of
high-quality evidence, use of all of these medications for treatment of pediatric
sleep disorders is “off-label.” Their use in children and the doses listed below
are, for many, extrapolated from expert opinion and studies in a single population
(such as iron supplementation for children with autism spectrum disorder) and many
of the studies referenced are not of high quality. Ideally, sleep medications should
be used for a limited time in pediatric patients as an adjunct to behavioral
approaches; consider weaning off the medication in 2-3 months or sooner, whenever
possible.
The Medical Home Portal provides this guide as a helpful resource, but it is the
responsibility of the prescribing clinician to refer to the manufacturer website for
specific information regarding dosing, monitoring, interactions, precautions, and
contraindications.
Pearls & Alerts
Lack of high-quality evidence
Many pediatric sleep medications are used “off-label.” They have not been studied extensively in children and are associated with a number of concerning adverse effects and medication interactions.
Many pediatric sleep medications are used “off-label.” They have not been studied extensively in children and are associated with a number of concerning adverse effects and medication interactions.
Consult a pediatric sleep specialist
Strongly consider specialist consultation prior to initiating long-term sleep medications or high-risk/high-side effect medications like antipsychotics. Pediatric sleep specialists include specially trained pulmonologists and psychiatrists. For children with seizures and/or spasticity, a neurologist or physiatrist can also provide expert guidance. For sleep apnea, direct referral to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) services can be considered.
Strongly consider specialist consultation prior to initiating long-term sleep medications or high-risk/high-side effect medications like antipsychotics. Pediatric sleep specialists include specially trained pulmonologists and psychiatrists. For children with seizures and/or spasticity, a neurologist or physiatrist can also provide expert guidance. For sleep apnea, direct referral to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) services can be considered.
Anxiety-related sleep problems
Of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), citalopram and fluvoxamine can cause mild sedation and, therefore, may be considered for treatment of anxiety-related sleep problems.
Of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), citalopram and fluvoxamine can cause mild sedation and, therefore, may be considered for treatment of anxiety-related sleep problems.
Insomnia and gastrointestinal problems
Children with insomnia and gastrointestinal problems may find treatment with gabapentin or amitriptyline can help both concerns.
Children with insomnia and gastrointestinal problems may find treatment with gabapentin or amitriptyline can help both concerns.
Over-the-Counter
Over-the-counter medications are often not reviewed and approved by the
FDA, provided the manufacturers comply with general regulations.
Melatonin: A natural brain hormone involved in setting biologic
rhythms. It is used to help with sleep onset and circadian rhythms. Evidence for use
in pediatrics is limited but favorable in select situations (e.g., severe visual
impairment, autism, other neurodevelopmental disabilities, and phase shifts).
Possible side effects include daytime drowsiness, bed wetting, diarrhea, dizziness,
nausea, headaches, and increased risk of seizures in children with severe
neurodevelopmental disorders. [Anderson: 2019] Vivid
dreams may occur. [Anderson: 2019] There is not much
information about long-term side effects; although, it may lose effectiveness if
used chronically and is contraindicated in autoimmune disorders. It can be used with
other sleep agents.
Since melatonin is an over-the-counter natural supplement and not
regulated by the FDA, the quality can vary, and some marketed supplements have been
found to be contaminated with toxic metals or other drugs. Herbal/health supplements
should be purchased from a reliable source to minimize the risk of contamination.
Caution families against purchasing melatonin with additional ingredients (e.g.,
l-theanine, 5+HTP, GABA) as these can be activating in some children and may have
additional side effects and medication interactions.
-
Short-acting melatonin: instant-release
- Special considerations: Not recommended for treatment for night awakenings. Can cause daytime drowsiness or increase seizure frequency. [Blackmer: 2016] Can give 30-60 minutes before bedtime to aid sleep onset or 3-6 hrs before bed if managing phase-shifting. There is little evidence for dosing higher than 5 mg.
- Formulations: Liquid, tablet, chewable tablet or gummy, capsule, oral disintegrating tablet, sublingual liquid and spray
-
Pediatric dosing:
- 6 mos – 14 years: Typically 2-5 mg, although doses as low as 0.3 mg may be just as effective
- >14 yrs: 5 mg, although doses as low as 0.3 mg may be just as effective
- Alternate dosing: Lower doses (0.3-0.5 mg) have been effective for treatment of jet lag and 0.5 mg doses for sleep/wake disorders associated with blindness.
-
Long-acting melatonin: slow-release, sustained-release,
controlled-release, time-release
- Special considerations: Little pediatric research on its use. Perceived to have slower onset and longer duration of action than short-acting melatonin. Some formulations contain both short- and long-acting components.
- Formulations: Tablets, capsules, oral dissolving tablets, chewable tablets, sublingual spray
- Pediatric dosing: The same as short-acting melatonin, above
Iron (e.g., ferrous sulfate): FDA-approved for treatment of iron
deficiency anemia, this medication is used in pediatrics as an off-label treatment
for restless leg syndrome (RLS) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) during
sleep in patients with low iron stores. If an adult patient is suffering from RLS or
PLMD, it is standard practice to treat with iron supplementation if ferritin levels
are less than 50-75 ng/mL. Although current guidelines have not identified
sufficient evidence to recommend treatment with oral iron for children with these
sleep disorders, there is evidence that iron supplementation for at least 3 months
did help improve symptoms in children with RLS and PLMD. [Allen: 2018]
- Special considerations: Milk, antacids, H2-receptor blockers, and proton-pump inhibitors can inhibit absorption of iron. Constipation can occur. Poor palatability is a common reason for discontinuation of iron.
- Formulations: Liquid, tablet
-
Pediatric dosing:
- Initial: 1-2 mg/kg/day of elemental iron in divided doses
- Titrate as needed to increase ferritin to at least 50 ng/mL
- Maximum dose: Typically 6 mg of elemental iron/kg/day
Diphenhydramine: An antihistamine used in short-term treatment of
allergic and upper respiratory symptoms, this histamine-1 receptor blocker had mixed
results when compared to placebo in shortening sleep latency and decreasing the
frequency of night awakenings. [Felt: 2014] It had no impact on duration of sleep or
frequency of nightmares. It is usually not advised as a first-line treatment for
pediatric sleep problems. It is sometimes used to treat short-term sleep problems,
although the packaging insert advises against this practice.
- Special considerations: Daytime sleepiness may be a problem. It is likely to lose effectiveness when used chronically. Some children may react paradoxically with irritability and agitation. An overdose results in anticholinergic effects and impaired consciousness.
- Formulations: Liquid, tablet, chewable tablet, capsule, oral strip (melts in mouth)
- Pediatric dosing: 0.5-1 mg/kg up to 25 mg [Bruni: 2018]
5-OH tryptophan: A precursor of serotonin and melatonin that
increases serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT)) synthesis in the central
nervous system. It has not been studied in pediatric populations.
- Special considerations: Supplements are not FDA regulated, so quality may vary.
- Formulations: Tablet, capsule, powder
- Pediatric dosing: 2-5 mg [Bruni: 2018]
Vitamin D: Supplements are not FDA regulated, so quality may
vary. In 2019, labeling requirements changed to require metric measurements instead
of international units. [Bruni: 2018]
- Special considerations: Supplements are not FDA regulated, so quality may vary. See Calcium and Vitamin D.
- Formulations: Liquid, tablet, capsules, also included in various chewable and gummy multivitamins
-
Pediatric dosing:
- Initial: 1000-2000 IU/day (25-50 mcg/day) x 6 weeks
- Maintenance: 400-800 IU/day (10-20 mcg/day)
Antihypertensives
Clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay): An alpha-2-noradrenergic agonist
indicated by the FDA to treat high blood pressure, clonidine is also known for its
sedating side effects. The long-acting form of clonidine (Kapvay) is indicated as a
treatment for ADHD. Clonidine is often prescribed off-label to help children with
other neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly those with comorbid tic disorders,
self-injurious or hyper-aroused behaviors, and sleep disturbance. Because the
medication lowers blood pressure and heart rate, monitor vitals at initiation and
dose increases. Consider an ECG if using this medication when there is a history of
heart disease or family history of sudden death/arrhythmia. Wean over 1 to 2 weeks
to avoid rebound hypertension and other withdrawal symptoms.
- Special considerations: Withdrawal is more likely in children routinely taking high doses (e.g., >0.2 mg) or receiving daytime doses as well. Be aware of the use of both milligrams (mg) and micrograms (ug) below.
- Formulations: Tablet (weekly patch, epidural available for round-the-clock dosing)
-
Pediatric dosing:
- Initial: 0.025-0.05 mg at bedtime (or ~2-3 micrograms/kg/dose for younger children)
- Titrate by 0.025 mg increments (~5-10 micrograms/kg/day) every 1-2 weeks as tolerated
- Maximum dose: By weight: 27-40.5 kg = 0.2 mg/day, 40.5-45 kg = 0.3 mg/day, >45 kg = 0.4 mg/day; however, usual max is 0.2 mg
- Alternative dosing: Weight-based max = 10 micrograms/kg/day [Blackmer: 2016]
Guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv): The long-acting form of this
alpha-2-noradrenergic agonist (Intuniv) is FDA-approved as a treatment for ADHD. It
is typically dosed around-the-clock for ADHD, tics, or pervasive developmental
disorders. While it can cause mild sedation, it is generally not used as a pediatric
sleep medication.
Prazosin (Minipress): This is an alpha-1 blocker antihypertensive
indicated for treatment of hypertension. It has been studied in adults to treat
nightmares associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and it seems
helpful as an off-label treatment for insomnia in some adolescents.
- Special considerations: This is not a first-line treatment for insomnia in adults or pediatric patients. Can cause priapism. Monitor for drug-drug interactions. Wean over 1 to 2 weeks to avoid rebound hypertension and other withdrawal symptoms.
- Formulations: Oral capsule
-
Pediatric dosing:
- Initial: 1 mg at night
- Titrate: Increase by 1 mg every 3-5 days up to 2-4 mg
- Maximum dose: 4 mg/night
Anticonvulsants
Gabapentin (Neurontin): A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue
indicated for treatment of adult post-herpetic neuralgia and certain adult and
pediatric seizure disorders. It is also frequently off-label to treat restless legs
syndrome. The sedating side effects have gained increasing popularity for use as
sleep medication for children with neurodevelopmental disorders or cerebral palsy.
Consider using when a child moves a lot and it is unclear whether the movement is
seizure activity.
- Special considerations: Risk of neuropsychiatric adverse reactions in children 3 to 12 years of age. Can cause weight gain, activation, or behavioral problems in children. Be cautious if used with other central nervous system depressants. Do not use with magnesium or aluminum-containing antacids. Do not discontinue suddenly.
- Formulations: Capsules, extended-release tablets, oral solution, compounded solution
-
Pediatric dosing for ages 3 and older: [Bruni: 2018]
- Initial: 3-5 mg/kg before bedtime
- Titrate by 3-5 mg/kg every 3-7 days as tolerated
- Maximum dose: 15 mg/kg
Antidepressants
Antidepressants are sometimes used to help sleep by taking advantage of their
effects on neurotransmitters that affect sleep. The FDA warns, “Antidepressants
increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in pediatric and young adult
patients in short-term studies. Closely monitor all antidepressant-treated patients
for clinical worsening and emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.”
Trazodone (Desyrel): Indicated for treatment of depression, this
second-generation or “atypical” antidepressant is sometimes used off-label to aid
with sleep because drowsiness is a prominent side-effect. Common side effects are
dizziness, light-headedness, dry mouth, nausea, and vomiting. Priapism can occur; if
an erection is persistent, the male should go to an emergency room. This medication
tends to last longer, so it may be helpful for very early risers, but it also can
cause excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Special considerations: Avoid use in children 0-3 yrs old or if there is history of hypotension. Can increase suicidal thinking in pediatric patients.
- Formulations: Tablets
-
Pediatric dosing:
- Initial: 1-2 mg/kg/dose at bedtime
- Titrate by 12.5-25 mg increments every 2 wks as tolerated [Blackmer: 2016]
- Max dose: age 3-5 years = 100 mg, >5 yrs = 200 mg
- Alternate dosing: Start at 12.5 mg (quarter tablet) for smaller children, 25 mg (half tablet) for larger children
Mirtazapine (Remeron): Indicated for treatment of major
depressive disorder, this antidepressant works as an α2‐adrenergic, 5‐HT receptor
agonist. It is prescribed off-label by some providers to help in sleep onset and
maintenance due to its sedating properties at low doses.
- Special considerations: Can increase suicidal thinking in pediatric patients
- Formulations: Tablet, oral disintegrating tablet
- Pediatric dosing: 3.75 – 15 mg
Amitriptyline (Elavil): A tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)
occasionally used off-label as an aid for sleep maintenance for people with chronic
pain or depression.
- Special considerations: Cardiac rhythm disturbances can be caused by tricyclic antidepressants, and a baseline EKG may be indicated. Parents should know that an overdose can be life-threatening; keep medication safely out of reach of all children in the household. It can increase suicidal thinking in pediatric patients.
- Formulations: Tablet
- Pediatric dosing: 5-25 mg [Bruni: 2018]
Citalopram (Celexa) and fluvoxamine (Luvox),
both selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause some sedation and
therefore are sometimes selected for treatment of anxiety-related sleep
problems.
Antihistamines
Hydroxyzine (Vistaril): Like diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine is a
histamine-1 receptor blocker, which also had mixed results when compared to placebo
in shortening sleep latency and decreasing the frequency of night awakenings.
[Felt: 2014] It is usually not used as a first-line
treatment for pediatric sleep problems. It is sometimes prescribed for short-term
sleep problems. It is FDA-indicated for treatment of some forms of anxiety, tension,
pruritus, and a sedative during anesthesia. (Atarax, another well-known brand name,
was discontinued in the U.S.)
- Special considerations: Daytime sleepiness may be a problem. It is likely to lose effectiveness when used chronically. Some children may react paradoxically with irritability and agitation. An overdose results in anticholinergic effects and impaired consciousness.
- Formulations: Liquid, tablet, capsule
- Pediatric dosing: 0.5-1 mg/kg [Bruni: 2018]
See the Over-the-Counter section, above, for
diphenhydramine.
Atypical Antipsychotics
Used for severe mood or thought disorders, the sedating side effects of these
medications may help with insomnia that is comorbid with aggressive or
self-injurious behaviors. These medications require regular monitoring for weight
gain, metabolic effects, and extrapyramidal side effects. Increases risk of suicidal
thinking, drug reaction eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), sleep-walking,
sleep-related eating disorders, and other side effects. Given their high-risk
profile and lack of safety data for use in children, using these medications
routinely for sleep is not advised. Consultation is advised.
Quetiapine (Seroquel): FDA-approved for treatment of adults and
adolescents with schizophrenia or manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder;
also FDA-approved for treatment of adult depression associated with bipolar
disorder.
- Special considerations: Consultation with psychiatry is advised before use.
- Formulations: Tablet, solution, oral dissolving tablet
- Pediatric dosing: 25 - 50 mg
Risperidone (Risperdal): FDA-approved for treatment of
irritability in children with autism ages 5-16, as well as for adolescent (and
adult) treatment of schizophrenia and manic or mixed episodes of bipolar disorder.
- Special considerations: Consultation with psychiatry is advised before use.
- Formulations: Tablet, solution, oral dissolving tablet
- Pediatric dosing: 0.5 – 2 mg [Bruni: 2018]
Aripiprazole (Abilify): FDA-approved for treatment of
irritability in children with autism, as well as for treatment of schizophrenia,
Tourette’s disorder, major depressive disorder, and manic or mixed episodes of
bipolar disorder. The intramuscular injection is indicated for treatment of
agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania.
- Special considerations: Consultation with psychiatry is advised before use.
- Formulations: Tablet, solution, oral dissolving tablet, intramuscular injection
- Pediatric dosing: 1-5 mg [Bruni: 2018]
Sedatives/Hypnotics
Sedative/hypnotic medications fall into 2 categories: benzodiazepines, such as
clonazepam or diazepam, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics or “Z” drugs, such as
zolpidem, eszopiclone, or zaleplon. These medications are not highly effective in
children. They are listed here as a reference. Strongly consider consulting
with a specialist prior to prescribing any sedative/hypnotic medications for
pediatric sleep problems. Sedative/hypnotic medications are not frequently used
in pediatrics
Benzodiazepines Sedatives/Hypnotics
There has been little evaluation of benzodiazepines for treatment of
chronic sleep disorders in children; given their addictive potential, chronic
use is cautioned. Habituation can occur and reduce effectiveness of seizure
rescue medications. Consider medication interactions. Like other psychotropic
medications, benzodiazepines can increase suicidal thinking and cause
disinhibition in some children with neurodevelopmental disorders. These work by
facilitating the inhibitory effects of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Clonazepam (Klonopin): It can be useful for off-label
treatment of anxiety-related sleep problems in kids (e.g., children with brain
disorders who have severe irritability and sleep problems). The half-life is
8-10 hours, so the effect usually lasts all night. Strongly consider consulting
with a specialist prior to prescribing sedative/hypnotic medications for
pediatric sleep problems.
Diazepam (Valium): Indicated for treatment of short-term anxiety, acute alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, and as an adjunct in convulsive disorders.
- Special considerations: Typically used for specific seizure disorders or adult panic attacks, it can be useful for off-label treatment of anxiety-related sleep problems in kids (e.g., children with brain disorders who have severe irritability and sleep problems). The half-life is 8-10 hours, so the effect usually lasts all night.
- Formulations: Tablet, oral disintegrating tablet
-
Pediatric dosing:
- Initial: 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/dose (0.1-0.25 mg) at bedtime, max initial dose 0.25 mg.
- Titrate by 0.01-0.03 mg/kg weekly as tolerated. Do not exceed 0.2 mg/kg/dose or 1 mg total.
- Alternate dosing: 0.25 mg at bedtime
Diazepam (Valium): Indicated for treatment of short-term anxiety, acute alcohol withdrawal, skeletal muscle spasms, and as an adjunct in convulsive disorders.
- Special considerations: While more commonly used as a short-term anxiolytic, diazepam can also help when muscle spasms or spasticity impairs sleep onset. Onset is within 30-60 minutes. Avoid use in babies <6 months or those with sleep apnea. Strongly consider consulting with a specialist prior to prescribing sedative/hypnotic medications for pediatric sleep problems.
- Formulations: Tablet, liquid, rectal gel
-
Pediatric dosing:
- Initial: 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/dose (0.1-0.25 mg) at bedtime, max initial dose 0.25 mg
- Titrate by 0.01-0.03 mg/kg weekly as tolerated. Do not exceed 0.2 mg/kg/dose or 1 mg total
- 1-2.5 mg (start at lowest dose) at bedtime
- Pediatric dosing: 1-2.5 mg (start at lowest dose) at bedtime
- Special considerations: A long-acting benzo typically used for prophylaxis of pediatric partial seizures, this medication can also be useful for treating spasticity interfering with sleep. Consult with pediatric physical medicine and rehabilitation physician (Physiatrist). Avoid use in children <9 years.
- Formulations: tablet
Non-Benzodiazepine Sedative-Hypnotics (“Z drugs”)
These medications are listed here as a reference. Strongly consider
consulting with a specialist prior to prescribing any sedative/hypnotic
medications for pediatric sleep problems.
Zolpidem (Ambien): Adults use this short-acting GABA agonist
(selective agonist of the benzodiazepine-1 receptor) to reduce sleep latency. It
is generally not prescribed for sleep maintenance, although the sublingual
zolpidem formulation (Intermezzo) has been used by adults to fall back asleep
during the night. Pediatric use has been limited. One study for short-term use
with children with ADHD did not find shortened sleep latency when compared with
a placebo, and it had more side effects. [Blumer: 2009]
[Barrett: 2013] Patients may become disinhibited, and
it can worsen parasomnias such as night terrors or sleepwalking.
Eszopiclone (Lunesta): In adults, this is used to help with
sleep onset and sleep maintenance. One study of its use in children with ADHD
demonstrated no improvements in sleep latency when compared with a placebo.
[Sangal: 2014]
Zaleplon (Sonata): Adults use this medication to help with
sleep latency and off-label to help fall back asleep in the middle of the night.
Can cause rebound insomnia with discontinuation.
Resources
Information & Support
For Parents and Patients
Five Things Parents Should Know About Melatonin (Dr. Craig Canapari)
A 5-minute video about things parents should know about melatonin by a Yale sleep physician.
Practice Guidelines
Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Auerbach M, Cho YW, Connor JR, Earley CJ, Garcia-Borreguero D, Kotagal S, Manconi M, Ondo W, Ulfberg
J, Winkelman JW.
Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease
in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report.
Sleep Med.
2018;41:27-44.
PubMed abstract
Tools
Sleep Medications (UACAP) (
401 KB)
One-page algorithm for medical management of pediatric insomnia; Utah Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
Services for Patients & Families in Utah (UT)
| Service Categories | # of providers* in: | UT | NW | Other states (4) (show) | | NM | NV | OH | RI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pediatric Pulmonology | 5 | 4 | 4 | 8 | |||||
| Sleep Disorders | 4 | 2 | |||||||
For services not listed above, browse our Services categories or search our database.
* number of provider listings may vary by how states categorize services, whether providers are listed by organization or individual, how services are organized in the state, and other factors; Nationwide (NW) providers are generally limited to web-based services, provider locator services, and organizations that serve children from across the nation.
Helpful Articles
Bruni O, Angriman M, Calisti F, Comandini A, Esposito G, Cortese S, Ferri R.
Practitioner Review: Treatment of chronic insomnia in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry.
2018;59(5):489-508.
PubMed abstract
Blackmer AB, Feinstein JA.
Management of Sleep Disorders in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Review.
Pharmacotherapy.
2016;36(1):84-98.
PubMed abstract
Page Bibliography
Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Auerbach M, Cho YW, Connor JR, Earley CJ, Garcia-Borreguero D, Kotagal S, Manconi M, Ondo W, Ulfberg
J, Winkelman JW.
Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease
in adults and children: an IRLSSG task force report.
Sleep Med.
2018;41:27-44.
PubMed abstract
Anderson L.
Melatonin.
Drugs.com; (2019)
https://www.drugs.com/melatonin.html. Accessed on 9/11/2019.
Barrett JR, Tracy DK, Giaroli G.
To sleep or not to sleep: a systematic review of the literature of pharmacological treatments of insomnia in children and
adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.
2013;23(10):640-7.
PubMed abstract / Full Text
Blackmer AB, Feinstein JA.
Management of Sleep Disorders in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Review.
Pharmacotherapy.
2016;36(1):84-98.
PubMed abstract
Blumer JL, Findling RL, Shih WJ, Soubrane C, Reed MD.
Controlled clinical trial of zolpidem for the treatment of insomnia associated with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
in children 6 to 17 years of age.
Pediatrics.
2009;123(5):e770-6.
PubMed abstract
Bruni O, Angriman M, Calisti F, Comandini A, Esposito G, Cortese S, Ferri R.
Practitioner Review: Treatment of chronic insomnia in children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry.
2018;59(5):489-508.
PubMed abstract
Felt BT, Chervin RD.
Medications for sleep disturbances in children.
Neurol Clin Pract.
2014;4(1):82-87.
PubMed abstract / Full Text
Sangal RB, Blumer JL, Lankford DA, Grinnell TA, Huang H.
Eszopiclone for insomnia associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Pediatrics.
2014;134(4):e1095-103.
PubMed abstract